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Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group and is found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates. In mammals, testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands. It is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.

In men, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as the testis and prostate as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle, bone mass, and the growth of body hair. In addition, testosterone is essential for health and well-being[4] as well as the prevention of osteoporosis.

On average, in adult males, levels of testosterone are about 7–8 times as great as in adult females, but, as the metabolic consumption of testosterone in males is greater, the daily production is about 20 times greater in men. Females are also more sensitive to the hormone. Testosterone is observed in most vertebrates. Fish make a slightly different form called 11-ketotestosterone. Its counterpart in insects is ecdysone. These ubiquitous steroids suggest that sex hormones have an ancient evolutionary history.

Weight loss may result in an increase in testosterone levels. Fat cells synthesize the enzyme aromatase, which converts testosterone, the male sex hormone, into estradiol, the female sex hormone.

The secosteroid vitamin D in levels of 400–1000 IU/d (10–25 µg/d) raises testosterone levels.

Zinc deficiency lowers testosterone levels[132] but over supplementation has no effect on serum testosterone.

Dominance challenges can, in some cases, stimulate increased testosterone release in men.

Aging reduces testosterone release.

Hypogonadism

Sleep (REM dream) increases nocturnal testosterone levels.

Resistance training increases testosterone levels,however, in older men, that increase can be avoided by protein ingestion.

Licorice. The active ingredient in licorice root, glycyrrhizinic acid has been linked to small, clinically non-significant decreases in testosterone levels. In contrast, a more recent study found that licorice administration produced a substantial testosterone decrease in a small, female-only sample.

Natural or man-made antiandrogens including spearmint tea reduce testosterone levels.

Posing in high-power nonverbal displays through open, expansive postures can increase testosterone levels.